####################################### ## ## ## CHAPTER 8: ADVANCED CUSTOMISATION ## ## ## ####################################### ########################################################################### ## INSET A PLOT ## ## WITHIN A ## ## FIGURE ## ghg <- read.table(file.choose(), header = T, sep = ",") # load in the data canada_emissions.csv View(ghg) # view data ## Bar chart par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # set main plot location in plotting area canadabar<-barplot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # plot the data cex.names=0.8, # set size of x-axis names ylim=c(19,23),yaxs = "i", # set y-axis limits xaxt="n", # do not draw x-axis ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), # set y-axis label xlab="", # keep x-axis label blank col="seagreen1", # choose colour xpd=FALSE) # do not extend bars outside plotting area abline(h=19) # draw clear y-axis baseline (x-axis) axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at = canadabar, # add ticks in the middle of the bars labels=ghg$year, # label ticks with the years las=1) # orient tick labels horizontally par(fig = c(0.4,1, 0.35, 1), # set inset plot location in plotting area new = TRUE) # prepare to draw new plot on existing plotting area fullbar<-barplot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # plot the data cex.axis=0.7, # set size of y-axis tick labels ylim=c(0,25),yaxs = "i", # set y-axis limits ylab="", xlab="", # keep axes labels blank xaxt="n", # do not draw x-axis col="seagreen1") # choose colour abline(h=0) # draw clear y-axis baseline (x-axis) axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at = fullbar, # add ticks in the middle of the bars labels=ghg$year, # label ticks with the years las=2, # orient tick labels perpendicular to the axis cex.axis=0.7, # set axis tick label sizes tck=-0.05, # set tick mark length hadj=0.6) # adjust tick label positioning ## SCIENTIFIC APPROACH 8.1: CONSTRUCTING ## ## EXPRESSION COMMANDS IN R ## par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) plot(1,1,xaxt="n",yaxt="n",xlab="",ylab="",col="white") text(1,1.3, "Using expression and paste", col="firebrick3",font=2) text(1,1.2,expression(paste("Subscript"[subscript]," ","Superscript"^superscript, " ","plain text"," ",gamma)), col="firebrick3") text(1,0.8, "Using expression alone", col="darkblue",font=2) text(1,0.7,expression(Subscript[subscript]~Superscript^superscript~~~~~plain~text~gamma), col="darkblue") ## Time series (scatterplot) par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # set main plot location in plotting area plot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # plot the data xlim=c(2005,2017), xaxs = "i", # set x-axis limits ylim=c(19,23), yaxs = "i", # set y-axis limits xlab="Year", # set x-axis label ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), # set y-axis label pch=16, # choose point type col="seagreen1", # choose colour xaxt="n") # do not draw x-axis axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at = seq(2005,2017,2), # set values for ticks to be drawn at labels=ghg$year, # label ticks with the years las=1) # orient tick labels horizontally sortedvals <- ghg[order(ghg$year),] # order emissions data by year lines(sortedvals$year,sortedvals$emissions, # connect sorted data with lines lty=1, # choose line type lwd=2, # choose line width col="forestgreen") # choose line colour par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95), # set inset plot location in plotting area new = TRUE) # prepare to draw new plot on existing plotting area plot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # plot the data cex.axis=0.7, # set size of y-axis tick labels xlim=c(2005,2017),xaxs = "i", # set x-axis limits ylim=c(0,25), yaxs = "i", # set y-axis limits xlab="", ylab="", # keep axes labels blank pch=16, # choose point type col="seagreen1", # choose colour xaxt="n") # do not draw x-axis axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at = seq(2005,2017,2), # set values for ticks to be drawn at labels=ghg$year, # label ticks with the years las=2, # orient tick labels perpendicular to the axis cex.axis=0.7, # set axis tick label sizes tck=-0.04, # set tick mark length hadj=0.6) # adjust tick label positioning lines(sortedvals$year,sortedvals$emissions, # connect sorted data with lines lty=1, # choose line type lwd=2, # choose line width col="forestgreen") # choose line colour ########################################################################### ## ADDING AND ## ## REMOVING FRAMES ## ## FROM PLOTS ## par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # produce bar chart from above canadabar<-barplot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, cex.names=0.8, ylim=c(19,23),yaxs = "i",xaxt="n", ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), xlab="", col="seagreen1",xpd=FALSE) abline(h=19) axis(side=1, at = canadabar, labels=ghg$year,las=1) par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95), # set different inset plot location in plotting area new = TRUE) fullbar<-barplot(ghg$emissions, # produce inset bar chart from above cex.axis=0.7, ylim=c(0,25),yaxs = "i", ylab="", xlab="", xaxt="n", col="seagreen1") abline(h=0) axis(side=1, at = fullbar, labels=ghg$year,las=2,cex.axis=0.7,tck=-0.05,hadj=0.6) ## Adding frames par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95)) # refer to the inset plot location box(which = "plot", # add a frame around the inset plot lty = 1) # choose default line type for frame par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) # refer to the main plot location box(which = "plot", # add a frame around the main plot lty = 1) # choose default line type for frame par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # refer to the whole plotting area box(which = "figure", # add a frame around the entire figure lty = 2, # choose line type for frame lwd=3, # choose line width for frame col="blue") # choose colour for frame ## Removing default frames par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) plot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # produce main time series plot from above xlim=c(2005,2017), xaxs = "i", ylim=c(19,23), yaxs = "i", xlab="Year", ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), pch=16, col="seagreen1", xaxt="n", frame=FALSE) # this draws the scatterplot without the default frame axis(side=1, at = seq(2005,2017,2), labels=ghg$year,las=1) sortedvals <- ghg[order(ghg$year),] lines(sortedvals$year,sortedvals$emissions,lty=1,lwd=2,col="forestgreen") par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95), new = TRUE) plot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # produce inset time series plot from above cex.axis=0.7, xlim=c(2005,2017), xaxs = "i", ylim=c(0,25), yaxs = "i", xlab="", ylab="", pch=16, col="seagreen1", xaxt="n", frame=FALSE) # this draws the scatterplot without the default frame axis(side=1, at = seq(2005,2017,2), labels=ghg$year, las=2,cex.axis=0.7,tck=-0.04,hadj=0.6) lines(sortedvals$year,sortedvals$emissions,lty=1,lwd=2,col="forestgreen") par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # set main plot location in plotting area boxplot(ghg$emissions, # draw a boxplot of just the emissions data ylim=c(18,24),yaxs = "i", # set y-axis limits ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), # set y-axis label col="seagreen1", # chosoe colour frame=FALSE) # this draws the boxplot without the default frame ########################################################################### ## ADDING IMAGES ## ## AND ## ## BACKGROUND IMAGES ## ## Adding images install.packages("png") # install package to load in PNG files library(png) # activate package beef<-readPNG(file.choose()) # load in cow.png pork<-readPNG(file.choose()) # load in pig.png chicken<-readPNG(file.choose()) # load in chicken.png par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) canadabar<-barplot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # re-plot main bar chart cex.names=0.8, ylim=c(19,23),yaxs = "i",xaxt="n", ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), xlab="", col="seagreen1", xpd=FALSE) abline(h=19) axis(side=1, at = canadabar, labels=ghg$year,las=1) rasterImage(beef, # add 'beef' image to main plot canadabar[1]-0.48, # choose 1st bar image x1 coordinate for 'beef' 19.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'beef' canadabar[1]+0.42, # choose 1st bar image x2 coordinate for 'beef' 19.7) # choose y2 coordinate for 'beef' rasterImage(beef, canadabar[2]-0.48,19.05, # choose 2nd bar image coordinates x1, y1 canadabar[2]+0.42,19.7) # choose 2nd bar image coordinates x2, y2 rasterImage(chicken, # add 'chicken' image to main plot canadabar[3]-0.3, # choose 3rd bar image x1 coordinate for 'chicken' 19.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'chicken' canadabar[3]+0.3, # choose 3rd bar image x2 coordinate for 'chicken' 19.4) # choose y2 coordinate for 'chicken' rasterImage(pork, # add 'pork' image to main plot canadabar[4]-0.4, # choose 4th bar image x1 coordinate for 'pork' 19.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'pork' canadabar[4]+0.4, # choose 4th bar image x2 coordinate for 'pork' 19.5) # choose y1 coordinate for 'pork' rasterImage(pork, canadabar[5]-0.4,19.05, # choose 5th bar image coordinates x1, y1 canadabar[5]+0.4,19.5) # choose 5th bar image coordinates x2, y2 rasterImage(chicken, canadabar[6]-0.3,19.05, # choose 6th bar image coordinates x1, y1 canadabar[6]+0.3,19.4) # choose 6th bar image coordinates x2, y2 rasterImage(chicken, canadabar[7]-0.3,19.05, # choose 7th bar image coordinates x1, y1 canadabar[7]+0.3,19.4) # choose 7th bar image coordinates x2, y2 par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95), new = TRUE) fullbar<-barplot(ghg$emissions, # re-plot inset bar chart cex.axis=0.7, ylim=c(0,25),yaxs = "i", ylab="", xlab="", xaxt="n", col="seagreen1") abline(h=0) axis(side=1, at = fullbar, labels=ghg$year,las=2,cex.axis=0.7,tck=-0.05,hadj=0.6) rasterImage(beef, # add 'beef' image to inset plot fullbar[1]-0.48, # choose 1st bar image x1 coordinate for 'beef' 0.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'beef' fullbar[1]+0.42, # choose 1st bar image x2 coordinate for 'beef' 4.7) # choose y2 coordinate for 'beef' rasterImage(beef, fullbar[2]-0.48,0.05, fullbar[2]+0.42,4.7) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) rasterImage(chicken, # add 'chicken' image to inset plot fullbar[3]-0.3, # choose 3rd bar image x1 coordinate for 'chicken' 0.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'chicken' fullbar[3]+0.3, # choose 3rd bar image x2 coordinate for 'chicken' 4.4) # choose y2 coordinate for 'chicken' rasterImage(pork, # add 'pork' image to inset plot fullbar[4]-0.4, # choose 4th bar image x1 coordinate for 'pork' 0.05, # choose y1 coordinate for 'pork' fullbar[4]+0.4, # choose 4th bar image x2 coordinate for 'pork' 4.6) # choose y2 coordinate for 'pork' rasterImage(pork, fullbar[5]-0.4,0.05, fullbar[5]+0.4,4.6) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) rasterImage(chicken, fullbar[6]-0.3,0.05, fullbar[6]+0.3,4.4) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) rasterImage(chicken, fullbar[7]-0.3,0.05, fullbar[7]+0.3,4.4) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) ## Add frames back on par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95)) # refer to the inset plot location box(which = "plot", # add a frame around the inset plot lty = 1) # choose default line type for frame par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) # refer to the main plot location box(which = "plot", # add a frame around the main plot lty = 1) # choose default line type for frame par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # refer to the whole plotting area box(which = "figure", # add a frame around the entire figure lty = 2, # choose line type for frame lwd=3, # choose line width for frame col="blue") # choose colour for frame ## Below is our attempt at figuring out image coordinates (without ## the help of axes values) using trial and error. These could have ## been added at any stage in the plotting process using par(fig). par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) # add images to the main plot rasterImage(beef,-1.1,-7.8,0,-2.8) rasterImage(beef,0.4,-7.8,1.5,-2.8) rasterImage(chicken,2.2,-7.8,2.7,-5) rasterImage(pork,3.4,-7.8,4.5,-4) rasterImage(pork,4.9,-7.8,6,-4) rasterImage(chicken,6.7,-7.8,7.2,-5) rasterImage(chicken,8.1,-7.8,8.6,-5) par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95)) # add images to inset plot rasterImage(beef,0.2,0.3,1.1,4.6) rasterImage(beef,1.4,0.3,2.3,4.6) rasterImage(chicken,2.8,0.3,3.3,4.6) rasterImage(pork,3.8,0.3,4.7,4.6) rasterImage(pork,5.1,0.3,6,4.6) rasterImage(chicken,6.4,0.3,6.9,4.6) rasterImage(chicken,7.6,0.3,8.1,4.6) ## BUT the beauty of R is that you can re-run things easily by ## copying and pasting code, so we think producing each plot ## separately and adding images in order (as we did earlier) makes ## the most sense. ## Adding a background image: #install.packages("jpeg") # install package to load in JPEG files library(jpeg) # activate package canadaflag <- readJPEG(file.choose()) # load in flagCAN.jpg par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) # set plot area to fill whole plotting area plot(1:2, # produce a plot of arbitrary values type='n', # draw a blank plot xaxt="n", yaxt="n", # do not draw axes xlab="", ylab="") # keep axes labels blank lim <- par() #extract plot limits rasterImage(canadaflag, # add 'canadaflag' image to plotting area lim$usr[1], lim$usr[3], lim$usr[2], lim$usr[4]) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) # based on extracted limits par(fig = c(0,1,0,1), # set main plot location in plotting area new=TRUE) # prepare to draw new plot on existing plotting area canadabar<-barplot(ghg$emissions~ghg$year, # plot main bar chart cex.names=0.8, ylim=c(19,23),yaxs = "i",xaxt="n", ylab=expression(GHG~Capita~(t~CO[2]~eq/capita)), xlab="", col="seagreen1", xpd=FALSE) abline(h=19) axis(side=1, at = canadabar, labels=ghg$year,las=1) rasterImage(beef, # add images on to main bar chart 'canadabar' canadabar[1]-0.48, 19.05, canadabar[1]+0.42, 19.7) rasterImage(beef, canadabar[2]-0.48, 19.05, canadabar[2]+0.42, 19.7) rasterImage(chicken, canadabar[3]-0.3, 19.05, canadabar[3]+0.3, 19.4) rasterImage(pork, canadabar[4]-0.4, 19.05, canadabar[4]+0.4, 19.5) rasterImage(pork, canadabar[5]-0.4, 19.05, canadabar[5]+0.4, 19.5) rasterImage(chicken, canadabar[6]-0.3, 19.05, canadabar[6]+0.3, 19.4) rasterImage(chicken, canadabar[7]-0.3, 19.05, canadabar[7]+0.3, 19.4) par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95), # set inset plot location in plotting area new = TRUE) # prepare to draw new plot on existing plotting area fullbar<-barplot(ghg$emissions, # plot inset bar chart cex.axis=0.7, ylim=c(0,25),yaxs = "i", ylab="", xlab="", xaxt="n", col="seagreen1") abline(h=0) axis(side=1, at = fullbar, labels=ghg$year,las=2,cex.axis=0.7,tck=-0.05,hadj=0.6) rasterImage(beef, # add images on to inset bar chart 'fullbar' fullbar[1]-0.48, 0.05, fullbar[1]+0.42, 4.7) rasterImage(beef, fullbar[2]-0.48, 0.05, fullbar[2]+0.42, 4.7) rasterImage(chicken, fullbar[3]-0.3, 0.05, fullbar[3]+0.3, 4.4) rasterImage(pork, fullbar[4]-0.4, 0.05, fullbar[4]+0.4, 4.6) rasterImage(pork, fullbar[5]-0.4, 0.05, fullbar[5]+0.4, 4.6) rasterImage(chicken, fullbar[6]-0.3, 0.05, fullbar[6]+0.3, 4.4) rasterImage(chicken, fullbar[7]-0.3, 0.05, fullbar[7]+0.3, 4.4) par(fig = c(0.4,0.95, 0.35, 0.95)) box(which = "plot", lty = 1) # add frame to inset plot par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) box(which = "plot", lty = 1) # add frame to main plot par(fig = c(0,1,0,1)) box(which = "figure", lty = 2, lwd=3,col="blue") # add frame around entire figure ########################################################################### ## ## ## LOGARITHMIC AXES ## ## ## x <- seq(0, 100, 1) # generate x-values y <- expm1(x) # generate exponential y-values plot(x, y) # visualise x and y as scatterplot plot(x, y, # plot x and y as a scatterplot log="xy") # plot with logarithmic x and y axes plot(x, y, # plot x and y as a scatterplot log="xy", # plot with logarithmic x and y axes xaxt="n",yaxt="n", # do not draw axes pch=20, # choose point type col="darkmagenta") # choose point colour axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at=c(1,10,50,100), # set values for ticks to be drawn at tck=-0.04) # set tick mark length minorx<-c(rep("",3)) # create list of blank values for minor tick labels axis(side=1, # draw axis on bottom of plot at=c(5,25,75), # set values for minor ticks to be drawn at labels=minorx, # label minor ticks with list of blank values tck=-0.02) # set minor tick mark length ymajor <-c(0.1,100,expression(10^10), expression(10^25), expression(10^45)) # create list of y-axis # major tick labels axis(side=2, # draw axis on left of plot at=c(0.1,100,10^10,10^25,10^45), # set values for ticks to be drawn at labels=ymajor, # label major ticks using list las=2) # orient major tick labels perpendicular to the axis lines(x,y, # add a line through the data points lty=1, # choose line type lwd=1, # choose line width col="darkmagenta") # choose line colour ########################################################################### ## ADDING ARROWS, ## ## SYMBOLS AND ## ## SHAPES ## ## Add arrow arrows(2.5,10^9,3.14159,30, # set coordinates, (x0,y0,x1,y1) lwd=2, # choose line width col="red", # choose colour length=.1) # set size for arrowhead ## Add Greek symbols text(2.5,10^11, # set coordinates labels=expression(paste("x = ", pi)), # set text cex = 1.5) # set font size ## Add arrow and mathematical symbols arrows(50,10^30,70,10^44, lwd=3, lty=2, col="forestgreen", length=.2) text(45,10^28, labels=expression(infinity), # print mathematical symbol cex=2.5) ## Add superscripts and subscripts text(5,10^40, labels=expression(paste("(Zn[OH]"[4],")"^{"2-"} %<->% "ZnO + H"[2],"O + 2OH"^{"-"})),cex=1.2) ## Drawing polygons (for shading) polygon(c(1, x, max(x)), # set min(x), x, max(x) for placement c(1.718282, y, 1.718282), # set min(y), y, min(y) for placement col="chartreuse") # choose shading colour ## Shade restricted area xshade <- seq(10,50,1) # list range of x-values to shade yshade <- y[c(seq(11,51,1))] # list range of y-values to shade polygon(c(min(xshade), xshade, max(xshade)), # set min(x), x, max(x) for placement c(1.718282, yshade, 1.718282), # set min(y), y, min(y) for placement col="chartreuse4") # choose shading colour ## Drawing polygons (randomly) shapex <- c(8,3,6,10,15,20,25) # list x-coordinates shapey <- c(10^15,10^17,10^30,10^25,10^35,10^30,10^20) # list y-coordinates polygon(shapex, shapey, # draw polygon at listed coordinates col="pink", # choose fill colour border="royalblue", # choose border colour lwd=4) # choose line width of border ## Drawing circles (transparent) install.packages("plotrix") # install 'plotrix' package library(plotrix) # activate package par(new=TRUE) # prepare to draw new plot on existing plotting area plot(c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish x-coordinates 1-100 c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish y-coordinates 1-100 type='n', # draw a blank plot xaxt="n", yaxt="n", # do not draw axes xlab="", ylab="") # keep axes labels blank install.packages("yarrr") # install 'yarrr' package library(yarrr) # activate package draw.circle(82.5,63.5, # set coordiantes at which to draw a circle radius=4, # set radius size nv=1000, # choose number of vertices to draw with border="black", # choose border colour col=transparent(orig.col = "goldenrod1", # choose fill colour trans.val = 1), # choose how transparent to make it lty=1, # choose border line type lwd=2) # choose border line width ## Drawing circle (filled) draw.circle(15,65, # set coordiantes at which to draw a circle radius=8, # set radius size nv=1000, # choose number of vertices to draw with border="orange", # choose border colour col="seagreen1", # choose fill colour lty=3, # choose border line type lwd=3, # choose border line width density=50, # choose density of shading lines angle=45) # choose angle of pattern filling the shape ########################################################################### ## ANNOTATING IMAGES ## ## AND GEOGRAPHIC ## ## MAPS ## ## Annotating images install.packages("png") # install package to load in PNG files library(png) # activate package experiment <- readPNG(file.choose()) # load in image experiment.png par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) # set plot area to fill whole plotting area plot(c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish x-coordinates 1-100 c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish y-coordinates 1-100 type='n', # draw a blank plot xaxt="n", yaxt="n", # do not draw axes xlab="", ylab="") # keep axes labels blank lim <- par() # extract plot limits rasterImage(experiment, # add 'experiment' image to plotting area lim$usr[1], lim$usr[3], lim$usr[2], lim$usr[4]) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) box(which = "plot", lty = 1) # add frame around plotting area arrows(78,12,55,38, lwd=2,col="skyblue",length=.1) # add an arrow to the aphid text(89,13,labels="Pea aphid", # add text label for the aphid col="skyblue",font=2,cex=1) text(89,6, labels=expression("("*italic(A.~pisum)*")"), # add species name in italics col="skyblue",cex=0.8) arrows(83,88,55,44, lwd=2,col="red",length=.1) # add an arrow to the ladybird text(93,92,labels="2-spot\n Ladybird", # add text label for the ladybird # spanning two lines col="red",font=2,cex=1) text(93,82,labels=expression("("*italic(A.~bipunctata)*")"), # add species name in italics col="red",cex=0.8) segments(15, 52, 30, 99,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) # add lines to bracket the pot segments(15, 52, 30, 1,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) segments(13, 52, 15,52,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) text(7,52,labels="Bean\nseedlings", # add text label for the seedlings col="goldenrod1",font=2,cex=1) text(7,40,labels=expression("("*italic(V.~faba)*")"), # add species name in italics col="goldenrod1",cex=0.8) text(7,3,labels="Trial 13", # add text label for the experimental trial number col="white",font=2,cex=1) ## Annotating maps library(png) # activate package rivermap <- readPNG(file.choose()) # load in image river_map.png par(fig = c(0,1, 0, 1)) # set plot area to fill whole plotting area plot(c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish x-coordinates 1-100 c(seq(0,100,1)), # plot values that will establish y-coordinates 1-100 type='n', # draw a blank plot xaxt="n", yaxt="n", # do not draw axes xlab="", ylab="") # keep axes labels blank lim <- par() # extract plot limits rasterImage(rivermap, # add 'rivermap' image to plotting area lim$usr[1], lim$usr[3], lim$usr[2], lim$usr[4]) # choose coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) box(which = "plot", lty = 1) # add frame around plotting area segments(55, 85, 75, 85,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) # add lines to construct scale bar segments(55, 85, 55, 82,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) segments(75, 85, 75, 82,col="goldenrod1",lwd=3) text(65,93,"200m", # add text label for scale bar col="goldenrod1",font=2,cex=1.75) segments(12, 45, 17, 37,col="skyblue",lwd=5,lty=1) # add lines to show cross-section # locations at meanders segments(21, 85, 23, 74,col="skyblue",lwd=5,lty=1) segments(58, 2, 62, 11,col="skyblue",lwd=5,lty=1) text(20,47,labels="A", # add text labels at each study site col="skyblue",font=2,cex=1.5) text(27,87,labels="B",col="skyblue",font=2,cex=1.5) text(55,11,labels="C",col="skyblue",font=2,cex=1.5) library(plotrix) # activate package 'plotrix' draw.circle(8,49,radius=2,nv=1000,border="orange",col="red",lwd=1) # draw circles to represent # pebble sizes draw.circle(20,92,radius=1,nv=1000,border="orange",col="red",lwd=1) draw.circle(66,17,radius=2.5,nv=1000,border="orange",col="red",lwd=1)